Alcoholism: a Menace to the Society Essay

Filipinos love to drink alcoholic beverages, that is. Drinking sessions are seen almost everywhere everyday along the streets and sidewalks, inside homes, in carinderia and corner sari-sari store, and even the upmarket bars and bistros. So phenomenal has been the â€Å"tumahan† tradition that it became the undisputed national pastime and social culture of Filipinos. While local folks’ love for drinking session might have built many a friendship and warm the cockles of good ole acquaintances, it is, at the same, taking toll on the drinkers’ health. Alcoholism, also called alcohol dependence or alcohol addiction, is a destructive pattern of alcohol use that includes tolerance to or withdrawal from the substance, using more alcohol or using it for longer than planned, and trouble reducing its use. Other potential symptoms include spending an inordinate amount of time getting, using, or recovering from the use of alcohol, compromised functioning, and/or continuing to use alcohol despite an awareness of the detrimental effects it is having on one’s life. Alcoholism is appropriately considered a disease rather than a weakness of character or chosen pattern of bad behavior. Many persons have become addicted to alcohol. It undoubtedly has something to do with the euphoric quality of alcohol and the resultant high. According to Vern Mason, â€Å"it is amazing how many kinds of alcohol can come out of the same bottle. It all depends who’s drinking it†. There are basically two types of drinkers who may become alcoholic. Some become chronic alcoholics from the outset almost, steadily drinking larger amounts everyday. Others may drink socially or the binge drinkers on weekends. They sort of steadily increase their drinking. The end result is the same, alcoholism. The damaging effect of alcohol stands among the leading public health problems in the world. It deserves personal concern and national action if we are to remain sober and responsible people. Alcohol abuse is a disease that is characterized by the sufferer having a pattern of drinking excessively despite the negative effects of alcohol on the individual’s work, medical, legal, educational, and/or social life. Alcohol abuse affects about 10% of women and 20% of men in the United States, most beginning by their mid teens. Signs of alcohol intoxication include the smell of alcohol on the breath or skin, glazed or bloodshot eyes, the person being unusually passive or argumentative, and/or a deterioration in the person’s appearance or hygiene. Almost 2,000 people under 21 years of age die each year in car crashes in which underage drinking is involved. Alcohol is involved in nearly half of all violent deaths involving teens. Alcoholism is a destructive pattern of alcohol use that includes a number of symptoms, including tolerance to or withdrawal from the substance, using more alcohol and/or for a longer time than planned, and trouble reducing its use. Alcohol, especially when consumed in excess, can affect teens, women, men, and the elderly quite differently. Risk factors for developing a drinking problem include low self-esteem, depression, anxiety or another mood problem, as well as having parents with alcoholism. Alcohol dependence has no one single cause and is not directly passed from one generation to another genetically. Rather, it is the result of a complex group of genetic, psychological, and environmental factors. There is no one test that definitively indicates that someone has an alcohol-use disorder. Therefore, health-care practitioners diagnose these disorders by gathering comprehensive medical, family, and mental-health information. Alcohol use increases medical risks. Alcohol seriously interacts with a number of drugs as well as several other medications by either increasing their potency or decreasing their effectiveness. Alcohol also prolongs the length of recovery after anesthesia. (Modern Medicine, pp. 160-165) Some signs of a drinking problem include drinking alone, to escape problems, or for the sole purpose of getting drunk; hiding alcohol in odd places; getting irritated when you are unable to obtain alcohol to drink; and having problems because of your drinking. According to the research of Aileen Ludington and Hans Diehl, alcohol greatly affects the human body: Your brain. Alcohol, even in small amounts, causes irreparable damage to brain cells; some die and others are altered. Your heart. Alcohol increases the risk of hypertension, stroke, and damage to the heart muscle. Your lungs. Alcohol depresses respiratory functions. Your reproductive system. In men, alcohol can damage cells in the testes, causing impotence, sterility, and possibly enlarged breasts. In women, alcohol can cause irregular menstrual cycles and malfunctioning of the ovaries. Alcohol has also been linked to birth defects in infants and to fetal alcohol syndrome. Your liver. Because your liver must filter alcohol from the blood, alcohol affects it more than any other organ of your body. Excess calories in alcohol are stored as fat in the liver. Functioning liver cells die from alcoholic poisoning. Scar tissue replaces dead cells, causing cirrhosis. Your immune system. Alcohol weakens the body’s defense against infection and breast cancer. Therefore, I conclude that alcoholism is a disease found in every social and economic class, in every country in the world. The problem is stinging: an alcoholic cannot control the amount he or she drinks; occasional drinkers may dive into the alcohol problem with little control on those little drinking bout. In learning that alcoholism is an illness, a child is provided with a cognitive means by which to understand a confusing, often traumatizing, emotional experience. This could range from a simple conceptualization to a more empathetic understanding of his or her parent. Relabeling the parent’s behavior helps the child feel less out of control. Learning that it is an illness not caused by the child also to helps to improve the child’s reality-testing and reduces anxiety, anger, and guilt. (National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. â€Å"Underage Drinking. † Alcohol Alert 67 Jan. 2006. ) Trusted adults, clergymen or guidance counselors are worthy ones to be sought for advice. The important thing is to reach out. And if you’re ashamed of your family, try not to be. Many people understand that alcoholism is a disease, you needn’t let shame burden you. Diverting your attention, being preoccupied with worthwhile activities can do a lot to your nerves.

Shown Before Photoshopped

By living in a visual world, companies frequently run ads using photoshopped pictures. The image presented is near perfect in appearance, yet it is not always truthful. Despite the numerous cautions implied by doctors or inscribed on cigarette packets, smoking has been a fashionable trend throughout the years. Some advertisements influence individuals in becoming addicted to the nicotine inside the health hazard wrapped within paper. Other advertisements tend to sway the viewer into pondering the general concern of the problem at hand.Photographer Mike Stubbs’s photo of Terrie Hall focuses on his subject’s physical appearance not altered in photoshop, instead, altered by surgery. By presenting Terrie Hall, a former smoker, in this advertisement, the harsh and shocking truth about smoking is exposed. This picture introduces Terrie as a 52 year old woman from North Carolina. A quarter size hole in Terrie’s throat causes one’s eyes to focus on the rest of her disfigured appearance. Directly to the viewer’s right of Terrie are large, bolded white letters that spell, â€Å"Record your voice for loved ones while you still can.†In Terrie’s lap is a small framed picture of her with her child. Unfocused, is a background of a white wall and another framed picture of the same child on a nearby table. Unfortunately in a society where one’s image is so important, these businesses and their buyers do not want people to know the underlying truth. Tobacco businesses would not enjoy the presence of Terrie Hall working for their company because of the effects of her cigarette usage over the years. The quarter sized hole in Terrie’s throat is the result of surgery to remove her cancer filled voice box and its surrounding structures.The hole, or stoma, is how Terrie breathes. Smoking also causes other life suppressing damages such as the deterioration of one’s lungs, bladder cancer, and other various chronic dis eases that advertisements do not consider when supporting their product. Most advertisements promote cigarettes by using a selection of people that are often fairly attractive. Michael Stubbs, on the other hand, selectively chose Terrie Hall for her true appearance. The advertisement or commercial commonly shows the desirable people in a party scenario where cigarettes and booze are prominent.What these companies are hiding is the truth buried beneath the photoshop and scripted lies. The CDCP, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, started the anti-smoking ads in 2012 and have continued these commercials into this year as well. â€Å"Officials believe the campaign led as many as 100,000 American smokers to quit† (Associated Press par. 5). Being the only one to return for this year’s round of advertisements out 24 others, she shares her everyday life to the public.Typically when Terrie wakes up in the morning, she has many tasks to accomplish before leaving the hous e like everyone else. But prior to breakfast, she throw on her wig and puts in her false teeth. Terrie tosses a scarf around her neck in order to cover the stoma in the middle of her throat. The puzzling message in large white letters to the right refers to Terrie’s loss of ability to talk due to the removal of her own vocal cords. Terrie Hall once stated, â€Å"It’s the only voice my grandson’s ever heard† (par. 15).Total laryngectomy is the removal of the entire voice box including the structures around it. The cancer moves into surrounding cartilage that makes up the voice box’s outer structure. From this, the trachea must adapt with the help of the electrolarynx, a device one must put to their neck in order to transmit sound into the throat. The vibrations create noise for the pathway of sound to emit into words and phrases. Terrie Hall’s appalling appearance on television caused the baffled viewer to ponder the message displayed.â€Å" It was the campaign's most popular spot by far, receiving more than 2. 8 million views on YouTube — more than any other CDC video ever posted online† (Associated Press par. 7). Unfortunately during this summer of 2013, Terrie’s cancer spread to her brain. No amount of radiation or surgery could have saved her life when Terrie Hall died in September of 2013. â€Å"She was a public health hero,† says Dr. Tom Frieden, director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and Frieden also mentions, â€Å"She may well have saved more lives than most doctors do† (par.2).By living in a visual world, companies frequently run advertisements using photoshopped pictures, so the image presented is near perfect in appearance. These pictures are not always reliable. Smoking can cause oral, throat, and lung cancer along with emphysema. Photographer Mike Stubbs’s photo of Terrie Hall focuses on his subject’s physical appearance not altered in ph otoshop, but by surgery. By presenting Terrie Hall, a former smoker, in this advertisement, states the harsh consequences of smoking.

Identify and assess the significance of three factors that contributed to American westward movement Essay

This could be dismissed as ‘the grass is always greener’. There were however a number of factors involved. These included the search for precious metal, the possibility of obtaining land and the expansion of the railways. Although usually described as a move west, it was to some extent also a move south as in the case of those seeking gold and silver in Californian mines as a result of the accidental finding of gold by James Marshall in 1848 as described by Steve Weigand on the web page ‘The California Gold Rush, an era remembered. Land was seen as a form of wealth and the majority of those who migrated to America did so in the hope of obtaining land to farm. Under British rule Europeans had been restricted in their settlement to the area east of the Appalachians, but after the Revolutionary War this inhibition was removed and so people streamed south and west. Later, with the coming of the railways, markets in the north could be served from further west. This allowed the great expansion of cities such as New York and Chicago. see more:which was a factor that led to the scientific revolution In the years immediately before the American Civil War in the 1860’s the railways had built up into quite a network serving the eastern states, but afterwards they gradually spread over the rest of the country. This meant that people no longer had to spend many weeks of hardship in order to reach their destination and so the tiny townships already established by earlier settlers were quickly expanded new comers seeking for themselves and their families a better life. The Irish potato famine of the 1840’s as described on the History Place web page, ‘The Blight Begins’ led to many immigrants from that country, the majority would not have been city folk, so it is perhaps natural that some migrated to the western states where they saw at least some hope for their future, just like all the other migrants.

Organization Theory, Design and Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Organization Theory, Design and Change - Essay Example The process of change occurs when organizations make an attempt to move towards a state of increased profitability and proficiency compared to its present situation. The organizational structure simply illustrates the organization’s chain of command; how and through whom messages/orders/information passes through in order to reach its destination, typically from top to bottom i.e. originating from the CEO. The management comprises of individuals who creates a culture which describes the attitudes, beliefs and values these individuals possess. The organizations culture is a collection of specific norms and values shared by the people in the organization which has a strong impact towards the way they interact internally i.e. with each other, and externally i.e. with the stakeholders. The organizational theory, design, change, culture and structure are various systems of inter-related roles which support each other towards the process of achieving the organization’s goals and success. These elements, through interaction, eventually evolve over time and influence each other as the entire organization grows which means that the organizational theory, design, culture, change and structure are interdependent.

China Banking System. Comparison between State-owned Banks and Essay

China Banking System. Comparison between State-owned Banks and Joint-Stock Commercial Banks - Essay Example It is anticipated that these reforms will have an impact on the efficiency and performance on China’s banks. Moreover, emphasis is placed upon investigating the diversity of efficiency levels between different types of banks (SOBs and JSCBs) Analysis Considering economics, the theoretical construction representing an economic process, basing on a set of variables and logical sets as well as relationships which are quantitative, can be defined as a model. A model in economics is a backdrop which is simplified thus complex processes is illustrative. Mathematical terms are not always put to use in the model. Measurements that are structural are inclusive in economic models. In model classes, parameters that underlies are structural ones. Creation of various properties comes from the changing of various parameters. Fitting, investigation and theorizing are examples of uses of model methodologically. Functionalism of economic models is in the simplification of abstraction of data under observation. The models used in selecting data, basis on sets of assumptions on the study of econometrics. As a result of ambiguity of processes in economics, simplification is necessary. Complexity in economics is due to a variety of economic activities determining factors. Diverse economic factors are in inclusive of; cooperative and individual decision making, limitation of resources, hindrances’ due to geographical and environmental factors, requirement from legal personality and institutional based laws, and random fluctuations. Thus, the making of decisions by economists, on what bases information analysis takes place and their presentation. Selection of the economic model to use is to be done on the bases of the facts economists are tabling and on their compilation. The measurement of inflation which is a concept in economics requires a behavioral model. This is for differentiation of real changes and price changes, thus inflation attributable changes in price. Models in use include; forecasting which logically relate conclusion to assumptions, proposal of policies in economics for the modification of future economic activity, is also a model, presentation of reasonable arguments for political justification of policy nationally, is also a model in use. Planning and allocation in economies that are centrally in the plan used in economic modeling is also under consideration. Predictive models in finance are in uses for a long time in trading. There is bond trading on economic bases for growth prediction in developing countries that issue them. Models in management of risk are in incorporation for economic relationships, among variables under simulation for detection of high-exposure scenarios in the future. Argumentative frameworks in application of logic are under establishment. Independent discussion and testing for mathematical application is in the application . In supporting models, arguments and policies relying on economic models have clear bases relating to soundness (Heffernan, 2009). Currently, models in economics in use do not show pretence basing on the â€Å"everything economic theories.† Pretensions under scrutiny overwhelmingly receive prevention from occurring, by computation activities that

Turkey and the European Union Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Turkey and the European Union - Essay Example It will also be considering the significant impacts Turkey's accession would have on the Union, how such an enlargement could be managed, and how this would affect the future of the European Union. Since signing the accession agreement in 1963, Turkey's declared objective is to become a full member of the European Union, and her first application was made in 1987. The reasons that she has not been accepted are based on issues concerning human rights, the Kurds, the Armenian massacre, her long-standing conflict with Cyprus and, perhaps, doubts that exist over whether she is truly European. "Turkey confirms its traditional goal which is to align itself with [a] Europe that is politically plural, economically liberal, rich in cultural diversity and strategically necessary to the defence and security of the West" (FindArticles.com, Online Article, 2007). While it would seem that the EU considers Turkey to be primarily an Asian country, Turkey evidently considers herself to be essentially European, and has been making efforts to 'Europeanise' herself for almost one hundred years.The westernisation of Turkey began during the 1920s, under the leadership of Kemal Attaturk, who introduced a formal and fundamental policy based upon the ultimate goal of becoming part of the European Union. The reforms were extensive. The Latin alphabet was introduced, along with the European calendar, the Christian day of rest was adopted, and women's rights were formally recognised in 1922 (which was far more progressive than most other European countries - France, for example, didn't suffragette their female citizens until 1945!). The civil code was adopted from Switzerland, the penal code from Italy and, most importantly, Turkey brought in measures that assured the removal of Islamic political power, thus becoming a secular state like other European cou ntries - with its only difference being that its members are predominantly Muslim rather than Christian.Following World War II, Turkey was accepted into the West because of her strategic importance. In 1949 she became a member of the Council of Europe, in 1952 an important member of NATO, and she has been an associate member of the European Union since 1963. It is also clear that since the end of the Cold War her strategic importance has increased, rather than decreased - which is clearly demonstrated by her crucial role in the Gulf War - and this strategic position is extremely useful to Europe. Turkey could choose to align herself with the Middle East, or the ex-Soviet Republics of Transcaucasia and Asia, however, due to the political

An examination of conflict and development in global south(case study) Essay

An examination of conflict and development in global south(case study) Somalia - Essay Example This piece of work paper gives an examination of conflict and development in Somali which is the case study with much insight being given to the impact of decolonization on the state, the extent of positive development, the effect of conflict on the state’s development and the position of the state in today’s international system. Other relevant issues regarding the states will also be discussed for better understanding. Aspects Regarding Somalia Somalia is a country located in the horn of Africa. It is situated along the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean. It is a country that is relatively small (smaller than Texas), with a population of approximately 9,133,124 people. It is arid and barren having only two rivers namely juba and Shebelle. It however have got some very essential natural resources for instance uranium, natural gas, iron ore, tin, gypsum, salt, copper, bauxite and some possible oil deposits as well as fish and marine life situated along the gulf of Aden, the Arabian sea, and the Indian ocean. The problem is that most of the natural resources are unexploited mainly due to the political instability and lack of appropriate technology for the exploitation and processing (Anonymous 2011). Somali gained independence in 1960, 1st July following a reunion between the British Somaliland and the Italian Somaliland forming the Somali republic. Somalia has had a lot of changes of the presidents and had no working government from the year 1991 to 2000 when a weak parliamentary government was created but did not last long as it run out in 2003 without any positive changes in terms of control in the country (Federal Research Division 2004). It was in 2004 that an intermediary parliament, transitional federal government (TFG) was established and a president elected, Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed. It was during the national election in 2009 that a permanent government was established and Sheik Sharif Ahmed elected as the president and has ruled to present ( Mansbach and Rafferty 2007). Somalia is a country that has been faced with a lot of conflicts associated with the various changes in the government and presidents leading to instability and lack of control in the country (Kisiangani 2006). The government of Somalia is a democratic republic and the state is viewed as a politically failed state by the international community due to its inability to restore the political stability in the country and its indulgence in criminal activities like piracy and bombing attacks in various parts of the world (Best 2008). Answers to the Questions Decolonization entails the process of changing from colonial status to independent status. It involves the reverse of colonization and establishment of governance hence attainment of authority where a country can now carry out its practices and activities without interference by the colonizers. It involves gaining of independence and autonomy from the colonizing country such as in the governing of it owns practices and activities for example the utilization of the natural resources. Somalia is a country that is well known for political instability for a long period of time. It was colonized by Britain, France, and Italy all with their specific interests in the country. This is a contributing factor towards its political instability as all the colonizing countries had effects on the governance hence the conflicts (Baylis, Smith and Owens 2011). Wapner

Major assignment (fa) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 12500 words

Major assignment (fa) - Research Paper Example t economic development growths of different regions, the news that Ireland will be the fastest growing economy in the European Union spurred my interest to look out for the surrounding facts that brought this growth. Several authors have published articles about economic growth of Ireland; prediction of growth for instance (RTE News, Nov. 2014). However, much that has been written about Ireland’s growth was focused on economy, but there is not a great deal of discussions on other important sources of growth. The goal of this paper is to bring together in this research the overall transitional developments of this country, from the past, modern, and up to present civilization. This research therefore focuses on collaborating facts that figured out this robust growth. . To achieve this goal, this article is organized into five sections. The first section, provides the Geography that consists of Ireland’s Absolute & Relative Location, Size (metric), Hydrological Features, Orographic Features, Climatic Features, Flora & Fauna, Population, etc. The second section talks about important historical developments of the country, and on the next, the political system is discussed. Third subsection discusses the country’s economy and fourth subsection deals with the culture and tourism. Final section is devoted to the author’s views and comments. Ireland is situated in Western Europe, occupying five-sixth of the island of Ireland in the North Atlantic Ocean, West of Great Britain. (See Appendix 1 for map). Its Geographic coordinates is: 53’00 N 8:00 W. It takes up an area of 70,723 sq. km. divided into 68,883 sq. km. of land and 1,390 sq. km. of water. Country boundary is UK 360 km. Ireland ranks as the 120th largest country in world ranking, and only slightly smaller than West Virginia. Ireland has a coastline of 1,448 km. (CIA World Facts). It has a territorial sea of 12 nautical miles (nm). In 2013, Ireland has a registered exclusive fishing

Accounting - Internal Cash Control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Accounting - Internal Cash Control - Essay Example This will help the company to shift from manual processes to automated processing. Lastly, a safe should be provided where all blank checks are stored and access should only be provided to the treasurer or whoever, is entitled to sign checks. Guard Dog Company has brought stringent changes to their system which will help them use their cash well and avoid any mistakes in cash disbursements. Guard Dog has applied the following principles in their attempt to strengthen their internal cash control for cash disbursements. Firstly, Guard Dog’s approach to eradicate manually preparation of checks has been in pursuance of a principle known as ‘Documentation procedure’. All checks are to be numbered and written after receiving approved invoices. Multiple payments can be avoided through this process. Secondly, another principle that the company has applied is ‘establishment of Responsibility’. The principle requires designation of personnel, preferably treasurer, to write any disbursement check. The company has assigned Tom Kimball, the treasurer, or Karen Thews, the assistant treasurer, to make all check disbursements. Fourthly, the company has applied ‘segregation of duties’ principle as well. According to this principle, different individuals approve and make payments. In this case, the invoice should be approved by Jane Bell, the purchasing agent, and Dennis Kurt, the receiving department supervisor. After the approval is given, the checks would be written by either the treasurer or his assistant. This will help them minimize the potential for theft. Fifthly, a principle that is essential to strengthen cash control is the application of ‘Physical, mechanical and Electronic Controls’. This principle requires the company to store blank checks in safes with limited access (Harrison, 2008). The company has obeyed to this principle by storing all blank checks in a safe in the treasurer’s

Public Policy Essay Example for Free

Public Policy Essay In the contemporary society, the world is characterized by freedom of speech and expression and also by a market place of policy ideas waiting to be prioritized or given a legislative action. As explained in detail by Hays (2001), analysis of Public policy debates began by John Kingdon (1984) and reissued in 1995. Kingdon critically examined how specific policies problems solutions become prominent. Looking at the policy making process, Kingdon particularly concentrated on the prediction stage and agenda setting ignoring the politics of how policy choices are made. He argued that many individual through their own means may call for attention on a particular policy issue that need to be changed but at the end of the day it is a group of elected experts whom he called policy community who make decision on the issue to be the first agenda item therefore providing the ground for new policies (Hays, 2001). The communities operate as resources but also as gatekeepers. Kingdon argued that collectively a range of individuals serve to make up the necessary policy community or networks including experts, elected officials, bureaucrats, researchers and even government itself. These communities influence the policy debate as witnessed in public policy institute of California (Mintrom, 2000). As a gate keeper, policy community or networks have a role in informal communication between those inside and the one outside the government. The channels are extraordinary open considering new ideas which deserve implementation while deciding on the one to be sidelined. Intellectual resourcefulness as well as determination is crucial in policy making process, Kingdon was emphatic that those who have more resources are better placed to make strong argument (Hays, 2001). Over the years, public debate have dominated United States politics and at times carrying away the policy communities like fad (Mintrom, 2000). The most recent is the Wall Street issue where the Bush administration and his Republican party proposed a boost plan to the mortgage sector including some home owners. The move which was intended to stimulate the economy however elicited policy debate from allover. According to Hays (2001), Kingdon summarizes the policy making process into three separate streams: Problem process stream, policy process stream and political stream. He argues that policy change advocates whom, he refer to as entrepreneurs of change mostly serve to belong to the above mentioned three streams in their efforts to bring popularity to a particular problem and also igniting policy innovation. By doing this they increase the chances that specific policy issues will give rise to new ideas and new policies. It is the problem stream where problems are recognized and identified for action. Both the people in government and outside government at any given time are aware of the social problems that need intervention. However, it is important to note that in problem defining stage much is likely to be left at stake since those benefiting from the status quo are likely to convince the others that no problem exists after all. The second stream is the policy stream which Kingdon highlights as the process which entails generating and debating of ides for policy development by communities of policy specialists. Rarely, people come out with new ideas but more often they use the old ones to understand the new ones and thinking of ways to reformulate them with the others (Hays, 2001). In order to be effective, public policy institutes must be objective to survive in community policy ideas. Solutions in most cases chase problems and that is to say people with solutions will look for the specific problems to solve (Mintrom, 2000). In addition, such institutions must be not only feasible but also compatible with the values of the majority of specialist in policy communities. Alteration of ideas and efforts by the policy advocate to persuade others according to Kingdon is one way of achieving compatibility (Hays, 2001).

Fantasy Movie Visual Effects Film Studies Essay

Fantasy Movie Visual Effects Film Studies Essay Film, the new form of storytelling, is one of the most entertainment sources in our daily life. It would be very hard to get a movie ticket at the weekends unless you got a reservation. Most of you have preferences to some genre, which keeps you turned on. Fantasy is one of the most fascinating genres, not only in film but in all the forms of art. It helps us to escape from the reality, from all our stress and tensions, for few hours. Most of the fantasy films are adapted from literature. Many would have waiting for your favorite fantasy novels movie release as I am waiting for the new Harry Potter film. You got many expectations for a film, might be wanted a great effects or waiting for your favorite part of the story. If your expectations are not fulfilled by the film makers you would probably disappointed. Film industry is an extremely competitive field with new technologies, creative ideas, and many more things. With the increasing number of new movies, film makers are trying very hard to impress the audience through new stories, visuals, and technologies. Two centuries ago, the famous short film, The Arrival of a Train made the audience to scream and ran out of the theater. The train was that much believable for those people, who were unfamiliar with films. But gradually people started to examine film very observantly. Film makers did everything they can do to make the film much more believable and try to give a new experience to the audience. It is very hard to trick them now, very hard to get their applause. As giant fishes always catch the attraction, some big pictures came and well received by the audience. They are not become success just because of its budget, definitely It would have all the right elements to be a film. In this 21st century, CGI and visual effects become one o f the key elements in films. Film makers are using these effects to impress the audience even the story doesnt demands it. Many films succeed while others become a big visual effects mess. Statement of the problem How much the fantasy film influence the development of visual effects Purpose Significance of the study Research questions 1: what is the influence of fantasy genre in film industry? 2: what is the significance of fantasy movies? 3: what is the role of fantasy films in the development of visual effects? CHAPTER 2: Background Fantasy: Fantasy can be defined as the boundless imagination or the liberation of mind from the reality. There is no limit, we can go anywhere, do anything, talk to animals, and if you want to fly a four headed dragon to the moon you can simply do that. Every single person in this world would have been in a fantasy world at least once in their life time, through their dreams or unbounded thoughts. Many wouldnt have recognized this as fantasy. Among those, some passionate and creative minds travelled lots of distance and found new wonderful stories. Those stories have reached in the real world, preserved for the generations through orally, and later inspired many to write fantasy literature. Fantasy Fantasy films: Fantasy films have been started since the birth of the medium itself. Watching these kind of movies in the silver screen must be a visual feast for the spectators. It would be a real challenge to make these kinds of films at the beginning stage of the film itself because of the visuals which these stories demands. It stands beyond reality so the film makers had to find some innovative cinematic techniques to create the hyper realism on the silver screen. Most of the early films were static shots that filmed an event or action with no editing or other cinematic techniques. They would have used only the ability of the camera to capture image rather than thinking about new cinematic techniques. But before the 20th century few filmmakers have found new filming techniques to create some special effects which give inspiration to others for the invention of many innovative special effects techniques in the following years. With a result of that many fantasy films had born in the silent era of film. The arrival of sound and color in film made an innovative change in the fantasy film genre, which helped the directors to take the viewers more deep inside the fantasy, through emotions and colorful visuals. Fantasy film genre: Sub genre: Sword and sorcery musical fantasy light fantasy dark fantasy History of fantasy film: Fantasy film, consists of the elements of magic, supernatural events, fantasy creatures, fantasy world, fairy tales and sorcery, have events which are unlikely to occur in real life. This film genre is considered to be different from science fiction film and horror film, although the genres do overlap. The limitations of the fantasy film genre are not well defined. Early period: In 1896, Georges Melies, a French film director, considered as the father of special effects, filmed the first fantasy film The Bewitched Inn. This film is about a man who goes through some series of dreadful experiences from an inn. The film runs two minutes, might be the longest running film of that time. Melies used the special effects technique called stop trick, which he accidentally discovered while filming street traffic in Paris. Besides stop trick, they also used some invisible wires to drift up the characters hat and clothes towards the wall. In 1898 Melies directed another fantasy film named The Astronomers dream (La Lune à   un mà ¨tre). This film is about the terrific things happening in an astronomers dream. It runs three minutes, lengthier than the previous one. They designed the set very well and it gives more strength to the three minutes narration. In terms of special effects this film mainly reliant on the stop trick but we can see the use of mechanical prop for the moon and a very short stop motion animation on the screen. His experiments were the stepping-stones to further advances in special effects. Again in the year of 1903 and 1904, Melies came up with two more great fantasy movies The Infernal Boiling Pot (Le Chaudron Infernal) and The Impossible Voyage (Voyage à   travers limpossible). In the film The Infernal Boiling Pot, Melies has shown two green goblins doing some incantation on a burning cauldron which have three girls in it. The film runs 2 minutes and they had hand colored each frame of the film to get a colored film. It helped to create more sinister atmosphere and to increase the impact on the audience. The impossible voyage is considered as one of the greatest film of Melies and the important fantasy film of the silent film era. It is an adaptation of Jules Vernes play  Voyage à   travers lHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voyage_à  _travers_limpossibleaction=editredlink=1HYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voyage_à  _travers_limpossibleaction=editredlink=1impossible. The films running time is about 20 minutes, approximately five times longer than other films of that time. Most films prior to this one, mainly consist of one or two shots and they were short in running time, had not developed in a level to tell a complex story. The impossible voyage tells the story of, passengers boarding a train which takes them on an adventure to the sun and even under the ocean. This film had used the advantages of editing and we can see a dissolve effect between the scenes. Through these type lengthier films with great narration, gradually film turn out to be a medium of storytelling. After the great fantasy films from the special effects wizard Georges Melies, lots of movies had born in this genre. By the year of 1910 movies were gradually growing into full length movies, an average of 80 minutes of running time, along with the special and visual effects technologies, which encouraged the film makers to produce more complex fantasy films than the previously done projects. It also helped to expand the potential of the genre by strong narration and provided the fantasy ambiance to the audience. In 1903, Alice in Wonderland, an adaptation film based on the Lewis Carrolls fantasy novel Alices Adventures in Wonderland, came out. The film was directed by Cecil Hepworth and Percy Stow and it is impressive for its use of special effects, including Alices shrinking at the entrance Doors and stuck inside of White Rabbits home with her full height. Some of the films special effects were achieved through jump cut and trick photography. The film showed only a few portion of the novel, because many scenes were technically impossible to shoot at that time. However, the film would have been impressed the audience because it was the first time they had seen a visual representation of their favorite novel. Later in 1910 the film had been recreated by the  Edison Manufacturing Company  and directed by  Edwin S. Porter in the original name of the book. In this 10 minutes film, Edwin s Porter couldnt include all the Carrolls memorable characters from the novel. Again in 1915, W.W. Young an American film director made the third adaptation of this film with fifty minutes of running time. This version goes much deeper in to the Carrolls novel than prior films, even fifty minutes is not much enough to narrate Carrolls fantasy story.   In the year of 1910, the most influenced fairy tale of all time, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. HYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Frank_BaumFrank Baum, came into silver screen. This is the first adaptation film based on a novel which had been followed by its sequels. The story happens in a fantasy land called the Land of Oz and Dorothy and her friends are the characters in the story. There is no reliable proof about who directed this thirteen minutes film but many criticizers considered that Otis Turner might have done it. In the same year three more films in this series came out which are Dorothy and the Scarecrow in Oz,  The Land of Oz, and  John Dough and the Cherub, and all are considered to be  lost films. In 1914, three more films came out in this title, all directed by J. Farrell MacDonald and produced under The Oz Film Manufacturing Company. They are The Patchwork Girl of Oz,  the Magic Cloak of Oz, and  His Majesty, the Scarecrow of Oz, with an average ru nning time of 60 minutes. Later in 1925, another Oz movie was released by the name Wizard of Oz, directed by  Larry Semon. This film changed radically from the novel, introducing new characters and exploits. Along with a completely different plot, the film is all set in a world that is only barely recognizable as the  Land of Oz  from the books. All these Oz films had failed to make any impacts on the audience. Creating a fantasy world is a very difficult thing, if we couldnt make the audience to believe in the story, it all would look completely ridicules. Many film makers had failed to achieve this magic, thus make the genre to wait so long to get its triumph in motion picture. Other superb fantasy films in the early period were  Raoul Walsh  Ã‚  The Thief of Bagdad  and  Fritz Langs  Die Nibelungen both released in the year 1924. The Sound era: Technicolor and sound would be another great achievement in film history. Sound effects could make fear and anticipation in fantasy films or even play with viewers emotion in happy fantasies. Technicolor gave filmmakers the capability to create stunning special effects that impressed the viewers. The most famous film which made use of the magic of color and sound was the 1939 musical fantasy film The Wizard of Oz  directed primarily by  Victor Fleming. A sudden change from black and white to color gave more fantastic effects to the fantasy world and it allowed the filmmakers to deliver the full beauty of the visuals. The Land of Oz was very spectacular, complete with flying witches, wizards, talking trees and animals and many other fantasy elements. We could find many changes in the plot though the film was far more faithful to Baums original book than the earlier film versions. The Wizard of Oz  has considered as one of the best loved fantasy film of all time because of its st unning visuals and strong narration, and it became a true classic. This 103 minutes film was produced by  MGM and the budget was three million dollars, most expensive production up to that time. The film earned six million from the box office and thirteen million from television broadcast rights. That would have inspired many filmmakers to produce fantasy films. 1power of narration à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦taking the viewers along with the story.. Make them to feel the emotions of the characters Give the feel believable of hyperrealism Disney also effectively used a combination of color and sound in many of its fantasy films, both live action and animated. The makers of  The Wizard of Oz  might have been influenced by the success of  Walt DisneyHYPERLINK http://oz.wikia.com/wiki/Walt_Disney_PicturesHYPERLINK http://oz.wikia.com/wiki/Walt_Disney_Picturess  Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs,  released in the year 1937, which proved that a fantasy film could attract an enthusiastic adult audience too, a trick that earlier Oz films had failed to achieve. Fantasy movies and the film industry: As a cinematic genre, fantasy has traditionally not been regarded as highly as the related genre of science fiction film. Undoubtedly, the fact that until recently fantasy films often suffered from the Sword and Sandal afflictions of inferior production values, over-the-top acting and decidedly poor special effects was a significant factor in fantasy films low regard. Even 1981s  Raiders of the Lost Ark, which did much to improve the genres reputation in public as well critical circles, was still derided in some quarters because of its comic book-like action sequences and tongue in cheek comedy. Since the late 1990s, however, the genre has gained new respectability, driven principally by the successful adaptations of J.R.R. Tolkiens  The Lord of the Rings  and J.K. Rowlings  Harry Potter  series. Jacksons  The Lord of the Rings  trilogy is notable due to its ambitious scope, serious tone and thematic complexity. These pictures achieved phenomenal commercial and critical success, and the  third installment  of the trilogy became the first fantasy film ever to win the  Academy Award for Best Picture. The Harry Potter series has been a tremendous financial success, has achieved critical acclaim, and boasts an enormous and loyal fan base. Following the success of these ventures, Hollywood studios have green lighted additional big-budget productions in the genre. These have included adaptations of the first and second books in  C. S. Lewis  The Chronicles of Narnia  series and the teen novel  Eragon, as well as adaptations of  Susan Coopers  The Dark Is RisHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dark_Is_Rising_(film)ing,  Cornelia FunkesInkheart,  Phillip Pullmans  The Golden Compass, and  Holly Blacks  The Spiderwick Chronicles. Fantasy movies in recent years, such as the  Lord of the Rings  films, 2005s  Narnia  adaptation, and the first second and fourth  Harry Potter  adaptations have most often been released in November and December. This is in contrast to science fiction films, which are often released during the northern hemisphere summer (June August). All 3 installments of the  Pirates of the Caribbean  fantasy films, however, were released in July 2003, July 2006 and May 2007 respectively, and the latest releases in the  Harry Potter  series were released in July, 2007 and July 2009. The huge commercial success of these pictures may indicate a change in Hollywoods approach to big-budget fantasy film releases. Adaptation Themes, imagery, and visual elements Detailed study of developments in visual effects Case study 1 The lord of the rings trilogy My same philosophy applied to digital effects as to the overall design. I wanted the monsters to feel real right down to the dirt under the fingernails of a Cave Troll or the bloodshot, bulging eyes of Gollum.   Peter Jackson   The lord of the rings film trilogy, directed by Peter Jackson is an epic saga of J.R.R. Tolkiens Lord of the Rings books, become a milestone in the history of motion picture. The trilogies, The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers, and  The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King, all released in the year of 2001, 2002, and 2003 respectively.   It was a revolutionary movement in the visual effects film making. Both the book and film had given a new birth to the fantasy literature and film genre. The trilogy achieved commercial, critical and phenomenal triumph. Each film of the trilogy had nominated for the Academy Award for Best picture in the three consecutive years and finally the third chapter, The Return of the King won the best picture award, and becomes the first fantasy film ever to achieve this honor. It won a total of eleven Academy Awards including for the ground breaking visual effects, ties up with the classics Benhur and Titanic. Peter Jackson and crew created an entire digital world to give life to the Tolkiens middle earth. This film is the best example of high fantasy. The story happened in the Middle earth, the three films follow the quest of Frodo Baggins and the fellowship to destroy the One Ring to defeat the Dark Lord Sauron. In the final battle at Gondor, Ring has been destroyed and Sauron and his powers are vanquished. The story is rich with many fantasy elements such as, wizards, dragons, creatures, beasts, giant talking trees and many more .The success of the film showed the scope of fantasy films and encouraged many production companies to green light new fantasy oriented projects. Thus the first decade of the twenty first century got more than fifty fantasy films on the silver screen. All major behind the scenes works had done by the New Zealand based visual effects company WETA Digital. They would have assembled potential people from all fields of animation and visual effects to dedicate years of their lives to create stunning effects that fulfill this high fantasy, middle earth epic story. All three films got more three thousand effects shots. WETA Digital had used many visual effects technologies to create the effects and creatures. They have invented new technologies and changed some existing technologies to overcome the challenges in creating some scenes. One of the most exciting creatures in  the film is Gollum, who was born like a hobbit named Smà ©agol, but transformed into something far more frightening as a result of his encounter with the ring. For creating Gollum, they have used very advance motion capturing. Gollum would be the most sophisticated digital character seen at that time. Visual effects technologies The lord of the rings trilogy had used many ground breaking visual effects to create the fantasy. WETA Digital is the major effects studio behind the films, but some shorts are also given to the studio Digital Domain. WETA had used many technologies to achieve the effects. Here we are going to look through those technologies. Massive Creating the war scenes are one o the most challenges faced by the filmmakers. All films in the trio had more than one war sequence in which thousands of soldiers are fighting. Creating this kind of mass crowd is a big problem that had not been solved in film making. A research to develop a new technology to overcome this problem had conducted in WETA Digital by the technical director of the film Stephen Regelous. It resulted in the creation of new software called MASSIVE (Multiple Agent Simulation System in Virtual Environment). It can easily generate thousands or millions of agents that all act as individuals and can respond individually to its surroundings. These reactions affect the agents behavior, changing how they act and controlling motion captured animations to create a realistic looking characters. The software used fuzzy logic to achieve this kind of properties. This technology helped WETA to create the epic war sequences. This technology is a great contribution to the vis ual effects industry and later it used in many films. Subsurface scattering Creating the creature Gollum was another big challenge for the director. This character played a main role in the films. Gollum was brought into life by the combine efforts of computer animation and sophisticated motion capture technology utilizing fluid dynamics. They studied many kinds of anatomy to create realistic joint movement based on actual organic muscle and bone. For getting more realistic look they have applied sub surface scattering shader for the first time. WETA developed vast amounts of code to create Gollum, notes Peter Jackson. They developed new modeling codes, new skin codes, new muscle codes. He is amazingly life-like and we were able to give him a range of expressions from the evil of Gollum to the sympathy of Smà ©agol. Peter Jackson  

The impact of ozone depletion

The impact of ozone depletion The ozone is a thin layer of triatomic oxygen molecules located within the atmosphere which is capable of absorbing lethal ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. Ozone occurs naturally within the stratosphere, and it accounts for about 90% of the total ozone molecules in the atmosphere, compared to the tropospheric ozone which forms a major air pollutant and accounts for only10%. Ozone layer in the atmosphere extends vertically up to about 50Km, and there are approximately 12,000 ozone molecules per 1 billion molecules of air, while less quantity exist in the troposphere of about 20-100 molecules per billion molecules of air. Stratospheric ozone is formed through a continuous complex process of photochemical reaction involving the splitting of oxygen molecules into two oxygen atoms by solar energy and each atom further combines with oxygen molecules to produce ozone. Because the process is sunlight dependent, more ozone is produced at lower latitudes due the concentration of high solar radiation around the equator; as such ozone is continually produced and destroyed in these complex chemical reactions. The global distribution of ozone depends on conditions such as the availability of bromine and chlorine in the atmosphere, high solar intensity and latitudinal location that favour the production of the molecules. Without this layer, UV-B radiation when reaching the earth is capable of damaging plant and animal tissues, increasing the risk of health problems such as skin cancer in humans as well as destroying both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Depletion of the ozone has been observed over the years due to the release of chemical substances into the atmosphere by humans. In 2005, scientists have observed the increase in ozone depleting substances (ODS) which results to the thinning of this protective layer over Arctic and Antarctic poles by about 30 50%, and a global average reduction of about 3 6% compared to the pre 1980 levels. The process of depletion begins with the release of the ozone depleting substances (ODS) such as chlorine and bromine and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) mostly from human sources. These gases further accumulate into the atmosphere for some time depending of their resident times and then transported to the stratosphere through vertical mixing. These non-reactive gases are further converted into reactive compounds by UV radiation, then chemical reactions takes place to destroy the ozone layer. Finally, these gases are transported back to the troposphere where they are removed through precipitation. Climate change and ozone layer depletion are interlinked because ozone itself is a greenhouse gas and together with other ozone depleting substances such as bromine (Br) and chlorine (Cl) contribute to global warming. Therefore any changes in the atmospheric concentration and distribution of ozone will have significant impact on the global climate system. Release of these (ODS) substances including carbon dioxide and chlorofluorocarbons has a cooling effect on the stratosphere. This cooling effect favours the chemical reactions in chlorine and bromine thereby contributing to the formation of Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSC), a condition that results in the depletion of ozone. Studies have proved that the decrease in stratospheric ozone observed over Antarctica led to changes in the interactions between the stratosphere and the earth. These changes alter the atmospheric circulation particularly the North Atlantic oscillation (NAO), which in turn has an effect on variation of climate around the Atlantic. Depletion of the ozone has another significant effect on the global biogeochemical cycles which has profound effect on the climate system. Increase in the amount UV-B modifies the carbon cycle by affecting the uptake of CO2 by plants during photosynthesis, as well as carbon storage in plants tissues as biomass. Because the terrestrial ecosystem serves as a net sink for carbon, changes in the amount of UV radiation is capable of disturbing the photosynthetic and respiration processes which link the atmospheric carbon and terrestrial carbon uptake and release. Within the terrestrial ecosystems, certain plant species become more susceptible to increased UV radiation, hence reducing their ability to capture and store atmospheric carbon dioxide. Furthermore, a change in the UV radiation increases the rate of productivity of soil micro organisms such as fungi thereby increasing the rate of carbon release from biomass decomposition. This accelerated turn over time of carbon through this process of photo degradation or photo transformation decreases the storage capacity of the soil as a major carbon sink, as such contributing to global warming. Scientific projections from models suggest a major shift in global ecosystems from cooler and wetter to warmer and drier conditions in response to climate change-UV interaction. Another important linkage between ozone depletion and climate change is the alteration of the marine biological pump of atmospheric carbon dioxide into the ocean bottom under the influence of UV radiation. Coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM) present in aquatic primary producers which is useful in absorbing UV in the ocean undergoes photo bleaching under higher dose. Thereby resulting in the loss of the pigment and consequently allow more UV penetration into the ocean and reduce the ability of aquatic plants to fix carbon during photosynthesis. Also, thermal stratification of ocean waters occur as a result of increased CO2 from human- induced emissions decreases mid-water oxygen around the depth of 200-800m, which affect carbon uptake by the oceans. This stratification affect vertical mixing of substances such as bromocarbons found in tropical waters. Under the influence of UV, certain ozone depleting reactive radicals such as bromine oxide (BrO) are produced. Conversely, climate change also has a significant influence on ozone layer depletion. This influence may either accelerate or decelerate the ozone process of recovery. Climate change induces the formation of Polar stratospheric clouds around the high latitudes which when exported to mid-latitudes generate further depletion of the ozone around such areas. Studies have shown that radiative forcing from global warming may help the ozone to recover because it tends to reduce the formation of such clouds that interact with gases in the atmosphere to destroy the ozone. Evidence was observed in the reduction in the loss of ozone over Antarctica between 2001 and 2004 during the spring period. Since ozone depletion is the principal cause of reduction in temperature of the stratospheric ozone by about (-0.17Â °C/ decade), increase in the emission of Green House Gases (GHG) into the atmosphere will have a warming effect thereby reversing this loss. Reactions involving compounds of halogen are directly affected by UV-B and climate change. Halomethane emissions attributed to climate change react with UV-B and consequently regulate ozone availability in the atmosphere. Climate change induced increase in temperature stimulates the release of methyl bromide and methyl iodide from certain species of plants under the influence of UV radiation. Also, climate change result in the alteration of the global hydrological cycle by increasing the rate of precipitation and eutrophication of organic carbon into rivers and streams from land. Mineralisation of this organic material takes place under the influence of UV to further release carbon into the atmosphere and contribute to global warming. In addition, global warming caused by human-induced increase in Nitrogen oxide (NO), Carbon monoxide (CO), and Methane (CH4) from bush fires increases the rate of production of ozone in the troposphere. As such global warming may increase the amount of aerosols present in the atmosphere which subsequently affects the rate of ozone photolysis by about 6-11%. Other natural factors contributing to climate change such as volcanic eruption and variation in sun-spot activity affect ozone layer depletion. Because ozone depletion in the stratosphere is formed under the influence of solar energy, any increase in the amount of radiation coming from the sun will increase the amount of ozone in the atmosphere. Variation in the 11-year sun spot activity indicate an observed increase and decrease in ozone concentration with corresponding maximum and minimum solar cycles respectively. Furthermore, The Brewer-Dobson circulation is responsible for the transport of sulphur gases from volcanic eruptions into the stratosphere. The ascending branch of this circulation transport gas from the tropics upwards while the descending branch return the gases back to the troposphere in the high latitudes. Volcanic eruptions also release sulphate gases into the atmosphere. These gases significantly reduce the rate of propagation of incident radiation from the sun and decrease the production of ozone. Other natural factors such as the release of methyl bromide into the atmosphere from rice cultivation deplete the ozone and thus increase the penetration of UV radiation. There is a strong relationship between UV radiation, carbon and nitrogen cycling which has a significant climate change implications. Increase in UV can affect the nitrogen cycle through changes in the rate of organic matter decomposition of nitrogen containing compounds through nitrogen fixation. Nitrogen compounds such as ammonia and nitrate are continuously cycled within the biosphere in series of complex processes. Dissolved organic Nitrogen (DON) reacts with UV radiation to break it down into more soluble ammonium compound through the process of photoammonification. All these processes determine rates of carbon uptake and decomposition in the global carbon cycle. Report from the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO 2003) indicate feedback mechanisms from increasing water vapour into the atmosphere, which increases the availability of odd-hydrogen radical that leads to ozone depletion by disturbing nitrogen and chlorine cycles. Within the marine ecosystem, hydrolysis of bromine and iodine takes place by photolysis reaction in the ocean to produce ozone depleting substances. Marine phytoplanktons like algae found in tropical waters emit halogen compounds into the troposphere. Also, the interaction between UV-B radiation and the sulphur cycle contribute to climate change. Pollutants such as dimethyl sulphide (DMS) and carbonyl sulphide (COS) are emitted as aerosols that have cooling effect on the atmosphere. Climate change can also affect the propagation of planetary waves into the atmosphere (Rhind et al.,2005a;2005b; Scott and Polvani, 2004: Scott et al., 2004). Climate models suggest a significant impact of climate change on troposphere-stratosphere interaction. Studies by Rhind et al. (2001) estimated in about 30% in this interaction resulted from doubling of carbon dioxide amount in the atmosphere. Estimation by Scaife (2001) shows a decadal increase of about 3% as a consequence of climate change. All these interactions have profound effect on the transport of ozone depleting substances into the stratosphere as well as their removal from the stratosphere back to the earth surface. In order to minimize or eliminate the impacts of ozone layer depletion, the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer was signed in 1987, and then came into force in 1989. Under this agreement, various nations that signed up the treaty pledged to reduce the production and consumption of harmful halogen gases .This reduction target begins with the slowing down the production and then their eventual phase out through the use of substitute gases. The use of ozone friendly Hydrochloroflourocarbons (HCFCs) was adopted to substitute the use of CFC-12 in the manufacture of refrigerants and foam making agents. The Montreal Protocol has successfully achieved a reduction in the concentration of chlorine in the global atmosphere in the late 20th century. Another important achievement is the reduction in the production of methyl chloroform and CFCs to a near zero level at the global scale. Towards the end of this century, substances such as methyl chloride and methyl bromide are expected to be eliminated from the atmosphere due to the projected stabilisation and subsequent reduction in their production. Complete recovery of the ozone to pre 1980 level is expected under strict compliance to the Montreal Protocol by the middle of this century, with slower recovery rate predicted by computer models around the Antarctic ozone hole. In conclusion, human induced climate change and ozone layer depletion are closely inter-related. With ozone depletion exacerbating the rate of global warming while climate change continues to deplete the ozone. Therefore necessary measures must be taken under the Montreal and Kyoto Protocol provisions to reduce the emission of ODS and other green house gases in order to save the planet from consequences of further warming effects on human health and the environment.

Milton To Pope :: essays research papers

In this essay I will attempt to contrast the type of society that would create a Milton to a society that would create a Pope. Although you may be able to understand what I'm saying from my essay, the depth of what I want to say can not be put into words, and therefore I suggest that you read and compare the same information that I have. I will now explain a bit about Milton and Pope to help you get an understanding. Milton was born into the middle class and grew up in a highly cultured environment. Milton created relatively few poems. Milton was greatly influenced by the puritan cause and Oliver Cromwell with a strong parliament government. Pope was born shortly after Milton's death and was a Roman Catholic. Many restrictions against Catholics. Pope had to struggle for position. Some of the restrictions made Pope move outside London and he could not legally vote, hold office, or attend university. Pope not allowed to attend university would be one of the most significant contrasts between Milton and Pope. Where Milton stayed at University for a long, long time, Pope never went to University. For Milton the society gave him everything he wanted. He had life fairly easy and had the government and the stronger religion backing Milton that Pope did not have. Pope had to fight for everything whereas Milton did not. The society that helped Milton did not help Pope. The society that created Mil! ton was a strong Puritan Parliament Government. Also at the time Milton's society spoke highly of child prodigies like Mozart and Mill. Milton at the age of 23 thought that he had basically done nothing with his life up to that point. Pope was a great poet at a very young age and if he did look back and try to assess his life at age of 23 he would have seen that he had already accomplished a lot. Also Pope was writing just before the Pre-romantic and the romantic poetry there for his poetry would tend to reflect a changing to that style of poetry. The society and what the people want caused the style of writing to go this way. The majority of the writing during 1670 - 1700 at the start of Pope's writing career and right after Milton's has been described as grotesque slanderous writing. This writing reflects the society and what the society wanted. The society that created Milton was strongly religious and wanted all the writing to be perfect in the ways of the church and the ! structure of the poetry whereas the society that created Pope was slanderous most of the time against

An Analysis of Emily Dickinsons Poem, Because I Could Not Stop for Dea

In the poem â€Å"Because I could not stop for Death† by Emily Dickinson refers to death as a gentlemen who unexpectedly visits Dickinson to take her on a journey â€Å"towards eternity† (I. 24). It is very ironic that she considers death as a gentleman, but as we all know it is the total opposite. On the second stanza they both start the slow and peaceful journey. â€Å"We slowly drove, he knew no haste† (I. 5). We can see the tranquility of the scene in which they are. Dickinson here understands the seriousness of the situation in which she is, and she forgets about everything. â€Å"And I put away my labor and my leisure too, For his civility† She describes her struggle in life with the word â€Å"labor†, the word â€Å"leisure† as her freedom (I.6) and deaths kindness as â€Å"civility† (I.8)Stanza number three narrates her story from her childhood as â€Å"children strove† (I.9) followed by â€Å"the fields of Grazing grain† (I.11) and ending with â€Å"the setting sun† (I.12) This stanza talks and explains about how we all go through our life stages. The fourth stanza demonstrates how uncertain she is about her life. O...

Principles for implementing duty of care Essay

Explain what it means to have a duty of care in own work role. As a care assistant, I have a Duty of Care that is a legal requirement/obligation, requiring that I adhere to a good quality & standard of care when providing care & support to my service users. Every individual should be supported & enabled to live in an environment which is free from prejudice & safe from abuse. My responsibility under the duty of care is to do everything reasonable within my job role description & in conjunction with my employer’s policies & procedures to make this happen. It is part of my job role to care for individual’s, ensuring that the individual’s needs & well being are looked after. As individual’s, all service users have a right to be treated with respect, given choice, treated fairly & equally & not to be mistreated or subjected to any form of abuse. Taking on the role of a care assistant, I have agreed to provide a duty of care to the individual by following: â₠¬â€œ the codes of practice (outlined by HASWA), following company policies & procedures, undertaking the necessary training & conducting myself in a respectful, professional & competent manner. Following these guidelines empowers me with the knowledge, skills & competence to carry out my day to day tasks whilst ensuring that all who I come into contact with during my working day are protected from harm, injury or abuse: i.e. the service user, their family & friends, fellow work colleagues etc†¦ Explain how duty of care contributes to the safeguarding or protection of individuals. In my current role, I have a duty of care to ensure that all service users are safe. I have a duty to raise any & all concerns I have about any facet of my job e.g. inadequate working conditions, poor equipment, poor training, bad practice by other staff members, raising concerns about potential abuse & situations of neglect. My duty of care contributes to the safeguarding & protection of the individual, by ensuring that individuals are safe from any sort of harm such as: illness, injury or abuse. It is my responsibility to work within the codes of practice & my employer’s policies & pr ocedures. This involves the recording & documenting of all information when an accident or incident occurs & pass this  information immediately on to my superiors & other relevant persons i.e. doctors & social workers. Know how to address conflicts or dilemmas that may arise between an individual’s rights and the duty of care. Describe potential conflicts or dilemmas that may arise between the duty of care and an individual’s rights. It is my duty of care to support my service users to take their medication that has been prescribed by a doctor & to ensure that they are in good health. If a service user refuses to take their medication that is their right, however, this could be detrimental to their health. I would ask the individual as to why they did not want to take their medication, as there may be an underlying issue such as: the individual has developed a problem swallowing or is finding the tablets too large to swallow. In each case I would call a doctor & explain the sit uation. The doctor may say the individual has tonsillitis & can prescribe smaller tablets. I would then record this information & report it back to my manager. If a service user just refused to take their medication because they did not feel like taking it, i.e. because they were in a bad mood, they still have the right to do so. At this point I would try to encourage them to take the medication by explaining to them that it has been prescribed to them by a doctor for a reason, therefore you must require it. If the service user still refused, I would make a record of it, report it to my manager, leave the individual & return 30 minutes later to see if they had become more receptive to taking the medication. If the individual still refused to take their medication I would record this & call my manager as I have a duty of care to the individual to report it. Another example of a dilemma could be if a service user who is unsteady on their feet, refuses to use their walking aid. The individual i s at risk of falling causing injury to themselves or others. I have a duty of care to encourage the individual to use their walking aid by explaining the possible consequences of what could happen as a result of their actions. However, it is the individual’s right to make that choice & I cannot force or pressurise them. Describe how to manage risks associated with conflicts or dilemmas between individual’s rights & the duty of care. Managing conflicts & dilemmas of this nature, is best achieved by working with the individual to put risk assessments in place to try & make the situation as safe as possible, but still allowing the individual the freedom & right to do as they  choose. A risk assessment is not carried out to remove the risk, but rather to put in place actions that will help reduce the risk to stop the possibility becoming reality, looking at situations where there is a risk & considering what can be done to reduce it. An example of this could be an individual refuses to take their prescribed medication for whatever reason. The individual has the right to decline taking the medication, but this would then create a risk to the health & well-being of the individual. I would ask the individual as to why they did not want to take their medication, as there may be an underlying issue such as: the individual has developed a problem swallowing or is finding the tablets too large to swallow. In each case I would call a doctor & explain the situation. The doctor may say the individual has tonsillitis & can prescribe smaller tablets. I would then record this information & report it back to my manager. If however, the individual just refused to take their medication because they did not feel like taking it, i.e. because they were in a bad mood, they still have the right to do so. At this point I would try to encourage them to take the medication by explaining to them that it has been prescribed to them by a doctor for a reason, therefore you must require it. If the individual still refused, I would make a record of it, report it to my manager, leave the individual & return 30 minutes later to see if they had become more receptive to taking the medication . If the individual still refused to take their medication I would record this & call my manager as the individual has now created a risk & I have a duty of care to the individual to report it. Describe how to manage risks associated with conflicts or dilemmas between individual’s rights & the duty of care. If a situation ever arose where I required additional support in resolving conflicts/dilemmas, there are numerous sources at my disposal. I.e. Work Colleagues – who may have had to deal with a similar situation & can provide me with advice & support that I require. Policies & Procedures – my employers have strict guidelines which can be found in the policies & procedures handbook. If I am ever unsure of how to deal with conflicts/dilemmas I can refer to this handbook. Trade Union – they are experienced in dealing with conflicts/dilemmas & can easily provide information or support on dealing with various conflicts/dilemmas. Training – my job role requires regular & consistent training in all aspects of  my role, including having to deal with conflicts/dilemmas. This means I can refer to my handouts & notes given to me during my training. Management – any serious conflicts/dilemmas that I cannot resolve I can immediately contact my organiser or higher management who can then support & advise me on the correct course of action to take. Know how to respond to complaints Describe how to respond to complaints. I would respond to any complaint an individual had by firstly, sitting down with them & asking what the complaint is. If the complaint was of a minor nature & something I could resolve without support, I would ask the individual if they would like me to do so. If the complaint was of a more serious nature & of greater concern that may require further investigation, I would show the individual the complaints procedure located in their red folder which is in all the service user’s homes. I would then ask the individual if they would like me to read it to them & ask the individual if they understand. I would then show them the complaints form & ask if they need assistance to complete it. I would have to inform my manager of all the information relating to the complaint. Explain the main points of agreed procedures for handling complaints. Ensure the individual understands how to use the complaints procedure – this would involve asking the individual whether they understood how to use the complaints procedure. If their response was no I would advise & refer them to their red folder. Explain to the individual how the procedure works & when they could expect a response. This involves providing the individual with a time scale on when action will be taken e.g. an initial response to the complaint should be received within three days, then anything up to 28 days for resolution to the complaint; if the complaint is of a more serious nature a formal investigation may be required which will take from 3 – 6 months in total; there may be an informal stage where consultation with the complainant can resolve the complaint fairly quickly. Take the individuals complaint seriously, listen to their complaint, be polite & respectful. This involves; focusing on the individual (making eye contact); do not be judgmental; assure individual complaint will be reported immediately. Offer assistance if the individual requires help filling out the complaints form,  e.g. where the complaints forms can be obtained; they may not understand how the form should be filled in correctly; the individual may not be able to read or write, could be blind, or have very poor English language skills Report the complaint to my organiser. Some complaints are of a very minor nature & can be dealt with effectively there & then, but should still be logged & reported to my manager. For those complaints that are more complicated or serious, my manager or next available senior needs to be made aware of the complaint as soon as possible so that the necessary steps can be taken quickly & efficiently, satisfying the needs & expectations of the complainant. Unit 2 – SHC33 SHC33.1.1 – Explain what is meant by Diversity. Diversity means mixture, variety, difference, be it in whatever way, shape or form. The concept of diversity encompasses acceptance & respect. It means understanding that each individual is unique & recognising our individual differences. These differences can range from, race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, socio-economic status, age, physical ability, religious belief, political belief & many more. Diversity is positive & should be respected, valued & nurtured, because nobody is completely the same as anyone else. Telling them that being different from everybody else makes us all unique & that we must value this diversity & difference that surrounds us, in order to work together to make our society a positive place to live. SHC33.1.1 – Explain what is meant by Equality. Equality means everybody receiving the same privileges, opportunities & respect as everybody else regardless of their shape, colour or beliefs. Equality states that because we are all human, then we must all be equal. Equality is about fostering & promoting the right to be different, to be free from discrimination & to have choice & dignity & the right to be valued as an individual. SHC33.1.1 – Explain what is meant by Inclusion. The term inclusion is seen as a universal human right & aims at embracing  all people, irrespective of race, gender, age, disability, medical or any other need. It is about providing everyone with equal opportunities, choice & access & getting rid of discrimination & intolerance. SHC33.1.2 – Describe the potential effects of discrimination. A prejudice is an attitude or way of thinking based on an unfounded, unreasonable pre-judgement of an individual, particular group of people or situation, rather than on a factual assessment. Prejudices can be positive or negative. If we are positively prejudiced towards someone, we think well of them. On the other hand, if we are negatively prejudiced against someone, we tolerate them less. In the main, negative prejudices develop against people who are different in some way. Discrimination happens when we act out our negative prejudices. Discriminatory behaviour results in unfair, unjust treatment. The people most likely to be discriminated against are those who are different in respect of their: _ Age. Age discrimination, or ageism, isn’t only targeted at elderly people – youngsters can also be on the receiving end of bullying, harassment and undeserved criticism. Sex. Men and women continue to be treated unfairly in certain walks of life, in particular in the workplace. Discrimination based on sex is known as sexism. _ Nationality, ethnic background, religion. Some people consider themselves superior to those from different backgrounds and faiths. Victimisation, bullying and harassment of people for such reasons is known as racism. Ability. Barriers that prevent disabled people from accessing the same opportunities as able-bodied people and the ignorant acting out of negative prejudices against physically or intellectually disabled people , for example through name-calling and damage of their property, is known as disablism. Size. Some of us are guilty of judging people by their size and treating them unfairly as a result. This behaviour is known as sizeism. Financial status. Discrimination against people on the grounds of their income, for example treating people living in poverty as inferior, is known as povertyism. There are two forms of discrimination, direct and indirect. Direct discrimination occurs when someone is intentionally treated unfairly, for example harassment on the basis of skin colour or religion. Indirect discrimination occurs when rules or guidelines meant to apply to everyone unintentionally affect one group of people more than others. For example, a company policy requiring everyone to work night shifts indirectly  discriminates against single parents or people who care for elderly relatives, and menus that fail to offer a selection of food indirectly discriminates against people with specific dietary needs or preferences. SHC33.1.3 – Explain how inclusive practice promotes equality & supports diversity.Inclusive practice is about the attitudes, approaches and strategies taken to ensure that people are not excluded or isolated. It means supporting diversity by accepting and welcoming people’s differences, and promoting equality by ensuring equal opportunities for all. Inclusive practice is best practise. Health and social care workers demonstrate inclusive practice by working in ways that recognise, respect, value and make the most of all aspects of diversity. Having a sound awareness of and responding sensitively to an individual’s diverse needs supports them in developing a sense of belonging, wellbeing and confidence in their identity and abilities. And it helps them to achieve their potential and take their rightful place in society. In addition, inclusive practice involves having an understanding of the disastrous impact that discrimination, inequality and social exclusion can have on an individual’s physical and mental health. Having such an understanding ensures appropriate, personalised care and support, thereby enabling an individual to develop self respect and maintain a valued role in society. Because people who fail to support diversity or promote equality are usually entirely unaware of their attitudes and the impact of their behaviour, inclusive practice involves reflecting on and challenging ones own prejudices, behaviours and work practices. It also involves challenging those of colleagues and other service providers, with a view to adapting ways of thinking and working and to changing services to build on good practice and to better support diversity and promote equality. Discrimination is an injustice and has devastating effects. The UK has in place numerous pieces of legislation (laws), rules, regulations, guidance documents and statutory codes of practice, all of which are intended to promote diversity, ensure equality and end discrimination. In other words they are in place to promote everyo ne’s right to fair and equal treatment, regardless of their differences. SHC33.2.1 – Explain how legislation & codes of practice relating to equality, diversity & discrimination apply to own work role.In England and Wales, the General Social Care Council (GSCC) is responsible for ensuring that standards within the social care  sector are of the highest quality. It has developed Codes of Practice for all care workers that include information on how to protect and promote the rights of individuals using the service. The Codes of Practice provide a guide to best practice and set out the standards of conduct that workers are expected to meet. The General Social Care Council (GSCC) Codes of Practice for Social Care Workers and Employers directs social care workers to treat each person as an individual; respect and, where appropriate, promote their individual views and wishes; and support their right to control their lives and make informed choices. Whilst a health or care worker might not agree with the beliefs and values of the people they work with, nor share their preferences, inclusive work practice involves respecting and promoting: The right to freedom of thought and religion i.e. their beliefs The right to freedom to express their beliefs as they wish The right to freedom of conscience i.e. to personal values and a sense of right and wrong Respecting, promoting and responding to personal preferences. SHC33.3.3 – Describe how to challenge discrimination in a way that promotes change. Talking to people about discrimination does not ensure that they will change their mindset and, as a consequence, their behaviour. Similarly, the existence of legislation, policies and procedures and Codes of Practice does not guarantee that people using services receive fair treatment and that their rights are upheld. If attitudes and behaviours are to change, discrimination needs to be challenged effectively. Another tried and tested method of challenging workplace discrimination and making change happen is by analysing the reasons why a worker behaves in a discriminatory way. Informal discussions, during a coffee break or as part of a training session, provide useful opportunities to reflect on the dire effects of discrimination. Most people using health and care services are liable to have experienced discrimination at some time or another. Indeed, their experience of discrimination may be the reason they are in need of care now. Talking through these issues, especially with people who have been victims of discrimination, and imagining how it must feel to experience unfair, unjust treatment, can have powerful effects on thinking and behaviour. There is no definite way to challenge inappropriate behaviour and no doubt you  will find your own approach to challenging effectively. The following may be useful to consider. Don’t punish or blame – say what is better. Understand your audience. Think about your role in the situation and consider this in your approach. State your position: ‘That’s disrespectful; we don’t talk about people/children like that.’ Understand the situation. Do you challenge there and then, or quietly at a later date? What will bemost effective for the person involved/for those witnessing the incident?

Leadership model

Malcolm Muggeridge, towards the end of his life, reflected: â€Å"Looking over my 90 years, I realize I have never made any progress in good times. I only progressed in the hard times.† While this may not be easily acceptable in today’s ears, in leadership, whatever progress in personal goals is made and sustained most of the time, not in good times, but during difficult times. Leadership Behaviors to Sustain Momentum Firstly, leadership has something to do with change, stimulation of ideas, enthusiasm and encouragement for the tasks, and influence. I wish to enumerate three vital traits, each one linked with a specific function for leaders (Beckhard, R. 1969). 1. The imagination to innovate To promote innovation, successful leaders assist in cultivating novel view, the ideas, paradigm, and applications of expertise that makes an organization distinct. During the course of the implementation this particular trait is important especially that there will be delays, resistance to the change process that normally occurs. A good leader is ingenuous to create something which will contribute to enhance and sustain the momentum. 2. The professionalism to perform. Leaders offer personal and organizational capability, assisted by personnel preparation and education, to implement impeccably and dispense worth to ever more difficult and exacting customers. There will be criticisms to come, many personal-all of which can possibly help if the leader knows how and what to do with them. He is a professional, and an important virtue that he should characterize is to be able to deliver and keep his cool whenever difficulties arise. 3. The openness to work in partnership. Leaders create associations and linkages with partners who can enlarge the organization's contact, improve its contributions, or strengthen its systems. Since an organization is composed of people, this leader knows a lot about human nature and behavior in group settings so he can appropriately anticipate and plan as well as adjust to various personalities. Authors Sullivan and Decker, wrote a very effective communication piece in the 2005 book Effective Leadership and Nursing Management in Nursing.   The authors tried to convey the idea that the practical application of the skills comes in two important aspects and that they are indispensable as well as distinct and inseparable. The authors identified that organizations are designed in their specific arrangements as they function and these are pertinent in how the people working in their specific areas are handled and led. According to Dr. Jacques (1997), there are prime values placed on every part of the organization which he postulated in his stratified systems theory. When he called for the individual responsibility, he meant that whether the person in the spotlight may be the rank and file individual or happens to be the plant manager, the type of leadership that is seen is expressive of this core value. Management then implies the adoption of accountability and this summarily implies leadership knowing as mentioned in the preceding page on influence and exercise of power, when a person exercises accountability, he actually exerts leadership; leading by example and it is fundamentally ethical and transferable. Management and leadership are seen then, as interchangeable essentials, and according to Dr. Jacques, the existence and continuity as well as the perpetuation of a successful team depend much on the kind of leadership exemplified in the theory he posited. This need has never been brought about only by factors which inevitably affect not only the established structures and ways of doing things within the personnel area but also by the more meaningful and substantial task of managing the organization’s most important asset – the human capital. Among these factors are: stiffer competition in business; rapid changes in technological, competitive and economic environments; the explosion of technical and managerial knowledge; spiraling wage and benefits cost and so many others. These factors have no doubt been responsible for the emergence of the personnel function as a vital area in the implementation of corporate strategy. Conclusion The leadership approaches are important to imitate and assimilate as I go about my own quest for the implementation of leadership behaviors in my own workplace. Certain people who have been visible today who are worthy to emulate include men like Collin Powell and women like Oprah Winfrey. Although not all of their decisions are acceptable or popular, certainly their manner of leading have taken the world’s notice and made them trailblazers for others to follow. Reference: Permissions Department, 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ07030 USA. Jacques, Elliot. 1997. Requisite Organization: Total System for Effective Managerial Organization and Managerial Leadership for the 21st Century. London: Gower. GBR Mulhauser, Greg. Management Skills and Leadership Skills. Accessed March 17, 2008. ;http://coaching.mulhauser.net/executive/manage-vs-lead.html#evidence; Sullivan, Eleanor and Phillip J. Decker. 2005. Effective Leadership and Nursing Management in Nursing, with Student Video (4th Edition). Leadership model I have never really had any father to emulate nor a family that could guide me.   Many would say that I was all alone and would never be a leader type because I never had any role models growing up.   Yet I beg to differ from the public stereotype of leadership role models because even given my difficult situation growing up I did find a leadership role model, my coach.   While this may not seem to be a conventional choice for most people, I firmly believe that it was because of my basketball coach that I have developed the leadership skills I have today and have become a leader myself.Before I relate why I think my basketball coach is the best leadership role model that I have had in my life, albeit arguably inexperienced, I feel that it is important for me to discuss just what I think a leader is and should be.Great leaders have been said to be catalysts of change because of their ability to motivate, to inspire and to make any group of individuals act as a cohesive working u nit (House, 2004).   While there are those who argue that a leader must always make waves in order to make a definite impact in any working environment, it has also been shown that an effective leader must be able to contextualize his actions and understand what the best course is given the environment he is working in (Warneka, 2006).Coach Smith, as we used to call him, was that type of leader.   He never insisted on making waves but addressed the needs of the players and motivated every single one of us.   Superstar egos on the team were shelved and the goals of the team always came first before personal glory.   At the same time however, he made the person who contributed to the success of the team feel and know that it was his great performance which made a difference and in doing so inspired that person to work harder, not only for the good of the team but for himself as well.This leadership style employed by Coach Smith is also quite similar to another great leader who achieved impressive results, Herb Kelleher of Southwest Airlines. Southwest Airlines, the company he created, consistently fared better than its competitors, surviving the tough times for the aviation industry. One of the secrets to the company’s success is its unique culture that differentiates it from its competitors. At Southwest, there is a great emphasis on the people aspect of the business. In fact, Herb Kelleher in an interview with Babson Insight vividly demonstrated his commitment to the staff of the company by calling them People – in this way, written with a capital letter (Herb Kelleher, 2004).Coach Smith empowered people.   He never sought to tow people in line and force them to do their bidding.   In a way he inspired me and the other members on the team to do better, much like Kelleher who made people feel that they played a major role in the success of the company.   This quiet but inspiring leadership style proved to very effective as our team w on the local tournament.I realize know just how pivotal his leadership methods were for our team.   A leader does not necessarily have to make waves in order to make to facilitate change.   There are many types of leadership styles that do not call for the application of any drastic actions or forceful management techniques.   The problem with the idea that making waves is necessary to facilitate change is that the outcome and effect on the other members on the team may not react as intended and it may even have a negative effect (Torbert, 2004).   This may result in team members being unable to communicate properly with the leader or with decreased productivity due to the sudden changes and major changes in the working environment brought about by the waves.This was exactly the problem that Coach Smith was able to avoid when he took over the team and inspired us with his quiet leadership.   12 strong willed and capable individuals, each person playing for his own personal glory, to rack up the most number of points or even the league Most Valuable Player (MVP) trophy, would hardly make an efficient and effective team.   Yet Coach was able to harness the individual talents of each player but still make the unit function as an effective team.In popular leadership models such as Situational Leadership which was developed by Blanchard and Hersey in the late 1960s, the need for a flexible leader who was able to adapt leadership practices to suit the needs of the working environment was emphasized (Argyris, 1976).   A good leader must be able to assess the situation and determine what the best approach is, whether it is by making waves or quietly empowering and inspiring the team members.   Leaders do not need to make waves to facilitate change.   Other flexible and more effective means of quietly inspiring change are available and may even prove to have more of an impact than simply making waves.I like to believe that my leadership style today is similar to that which my Coach practiced or that of Herb Kelleher.   I have consciously patterned my leadership methods with the way that these great leaders have led others and inspired them.   The reason I have done so is because I believe that a person cannot motivate a team to feel good about their work if you, as their leader, do not. Similarly, team members will not feel ownership or go the extra mile if you do not. You must set an example by demonstrating passion about your work and displaying confidence in the team to do a good job.   Leaders must practice personal integrity and fairness. Model it and expect it from others. People who feel they can tell the truth, without fear of reprisal, grow as they experiment and experience success and failure (Cran, 2003).This approach to leadership of mine has as much to do with the great influence that Coach Smith has had on me as has my background.   As I mentioned earlier, I come from a broken family and my mother has been battling with cancer since I was young.   This led me to grow up in an environment that was all but bereft of role models and leaders.   There was no support and I had to work for everything that I had and still continue to do so.   It is this that has also led me to choose this style of leadership for myself because I believe that everyone had potential in them and with the proper motivation and inspiration it can be brought out, not only for the benefit of the team, the business or the company but also for the individual himself.Today’s follower-leader relationship shows that followers want trust and are not motivated by what the leader think they want, but rather by what each specific follower wants (Bain, 1982).   Motivation is generated internally, and a leader merely taps into the internal power of the follower (Thach, Thompson, and Morris, 2006).   Followers determine their commitment to organizations by reflecting on how hard they will work, what type of rec ognition and reward they might receive (transactional), and if that reward will be worth it (Strebel, 1996).Today I am a leader, I may not be a great leader but I am confident that I can develop my leadership skills to be one.   My leadership style is in motivating people and in quietly inspiring change and developing the talents and abilities of the people around me and in my organization.   This is the style that I have chosen because I feel that it is the most effective method.   I do not choose to be excellent or wealthy or powerful, I choose to lead and that makes all the difference.References:Argyris, C. (1976) Increasing Leadership Effectiveness, Wiley, New YorkBain, D. (1982). The productivity prescription.   New York: McGraw-Hill.Cran, C (2003). Eight Ways to Motivate Your Team. Retrieved 11/14/2006, from   http://www.refresher.com/!ccmotivate.htmlHouse, R. J. (2004) Culture, Leadership, and Organizations: The GLOBE Study of 62 Societies, SAGE Publications, Thousa nd OaksNorthwestern University. (2004). Herb Kelleher. Retrieved November 11, 2006, from http://www.transportation.northwestern.edu/programs/patterson/lecturers/97kelleher/kelleherBio.htmlThach, E. C., Thompson, K. J., and Morris, A. (2006).   A Fresh Look at FollowershipTorbert, W. (2004) Action Inquiry: the Secret of Timely and Transforming Leadership, San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers.Warneka, T. (2006). Leading People the Black Belt Way: Conquering the Five Core Problems Facing Leaders Today. Asogomi Publications Intl. Cleveland, Ohio